venus, cupid, folly and time mannerism

In it, Michelangelo's Medici tombs inspire the anti-architectural "architectural" features at the top, the papery pierced frame, the satyr nudes at the base. [55] He used this in his design for the Piazza del Campidoglio in Rome. [53] During the period, architects experimented with using architectural forms to emphasize solid and spatial relationships. Themes are twisted into unusual forms and shapes, so it seems that mannerist art rebels against the gentle and balanced ambience the Renaissance art depicted. The painting appears to be about lust, fraud, and envy. Gardners Art Through the Ages. His subjects included large scenes with still life in the manner of Pieter Aertsen, and mythological scenes, many small cabinet paintings beautifully executed on copper, and most featuring nudity. [65] This period is now usually referred to as the ars subtilior. "[37] As an artistic moment, Mannerism involves many characteristics that are unique and specific to experimentation of how art is perceived. The Renaissance ideal of harmony gave way to freer and more imaginative rhythms. The painting appears to be about lust, fraud, and envy. Book Projects. Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time (Allegory of the Triumph of Venus) (1540 - 1545) by Agnolo Bronzino; Bronzino, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons The portrayal of milky complexions was a distinct Mannerism feature of Bronzino's art. [1] The creature at the right-hand side behind the innocent-looking putto, with a girl's face and a concealed sphinx-like body, her head twisted at an unnatural angle, her hands reversed, extending a honeycomb with her right hand, and hiding behind her back a scorpion's barb at the end of her long serpentine tail, may represent Pleasure and Fraud. After the realistic depiction of the human form and the mastery of perspective achieved in High Renaissance, some artists started to deliberately distort proportions in disjointed, irrational space for emotional and artistic effect. It is now in the National Gallery, London. Gardner, Helen. 4th ed. Both are nude, and bathed in a white light that creates a porcelain skin texture. [15] This notion of "bella maniera" suggests that artists who were thus inspired looked to copying and bettering their predecessors, rather than confronting nature directly. "Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time" slow art story bySpencer's Painting of the Week Listen to the Story:7 minutes Audio-only:(best on mobile) Description: This week we explore Mannerism, an important bridge between the late Renaissance and Baroque periods of art history Via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsAcpIVKraI Best experienced at Another element of Mannerism which the painting portrays is the dual narrative of a joke and serious message; humor wasn't normally utilized in Renaissance artworks. Baccio Bandinelli took over the project of Hercules and Cacus from the master himself, but it was little more popular then than it is now, and maliciously compared by Benvenuto Cellini to "a sack of melons", though it had a long-lasting effect in apparently introducing relief panels on the pedestal of statues. 48 relations. "Pontormo, Jacopo da." I.e mother nature, chaos, and divine feminine vs. humanity, order, and divine masculine. BRONZINO (1503-1572) An Allegory with Venus and Cupid about 1545 ng 651, Oil on wood, 146 116 cm in Paintings 1500-1600 The West Wing from The National Gallery Companion Guide Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time (Wikipedia) This is my political analogy in terms of the use of multimedia as a political weapon. [7] One of the qualities most admired by his contemporaries was his terribilit, a sense of awe-inspiring grandeur, and subsequent artists attempted to imitate it. Lawrence in his book Culture and Values A Survey of the Humanities, stated that "Mannerism is difficult to define and the term is often used without . This person lives in poverty, so he must be". Clarity of line: the attention that was paid to clean outlines of figures was prominent within Mannerism and differed largely from the, Mannerist movement: the interest in the study of human movement often lead to Mannerist artists rendering a unique type of movement linked to. In its distinct composition, the Last Supper portrays Mannerist characteristics. Freedberg, Sidney J. Northern Mannerism continued into the early 17th century. Walter Friedlaender identified this period as "anti-mannerism", just as the early Mannerists were "anti-classical" in their reaction away from the aesthetic values of the High Renaissance[31] and today the Carracci brothers and Caravaggio are agreed to have begun the transition to Baroque-style painting which was dominant by 1600. Cupid, along with his mother (Venus) and the nude putto, to the right, are all posed in a typical Mannerist figura serpentinata form. The figure of Venus can be likened to a precious object (such as a marble statue) in a luxurious setting, desirable because of her unavailability. 1546 (creation) Location: London, United Kingdom - National Gallery, (Current / Repository) Object Type: paintings Measurement: 146.5 x 116.8 x cm Material: oil on wood Technique: Characteristics of the Renaissance style: - A new interest in observing the natural world and reproducing it as accurately as possible Rationale: This was a big innovation in Renaissance painting, incorporating the natural world into religious paintings. The coat-of-arms of Vasari's Medici patrons appears at the top of his portrait, quite as if it were the artist's own. Iconography, often convoluted and abstruse, is a more prominent element in the Mannerist styles. One characteristic that Tintoretto utilizes is a black background. "[69], According to art critic Jerry Saltz, "Neo-Mannerism" (new Mannerism) is among several clichs that are "squeezing the life out of the art world". Black backgrounds: Mannerist artists often utilized flat black backgrounds to present a full contrast of contours in order to create dramatic scenes. Please thank the ones who handled my order and let them know that I will definitely do business with EssaysWriters.com again. Above these scenes, is a spiral staircase which Joseph guides one his sons to their mother at the top. Being rich and vivid in symbolism relating . All rights reserved. Painted frames: in some Mannerist works, painted frames were utilized to blend in with the background of paintings and at times, contribute to the overall composition of the artwork. As a result, Bronzino's sitters have been said to project an aloofness and marked emotional distance from the viewer. El Greco-The Greek. Bronzino is in fact known above all as a portrait painter. Where High Renaissance art emphasizes proportion, balance, and ideal beauty, Mannerism exaggerates such qualities, often resulting in compositions that are asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant. 2023 EssaysWriters.com. Venus and Cupid are identifiable by their attributes, as is the old man with wings and an hourglass who must be Time (not mentioned by Vasari). The Exhibition toured major American cities, and was hosted by dignitaries, professional athletes, and celebrities. "Observations on the Painting of the Maniera". It displays the ambivalence, eroticism and obscure imagery which is characteristic of the pose there mannerism/Mannerist period. The style of Neo-Mannerism, as developed by Barnes, includes subjects with elongated limbs and bodies, as well as exaggerated movement. He portrays numerous figures, such as Venus, Cupid, Time, and other personages that are subject to debate as to what their identity is in the academic literature. [40] Bronzino's work was sought after, and he enjoyed great success when he became a court painter for the Medici family in 1539. Thanks so much! The identity of the remaining figures is even more ambiguous. The creature at the right-hand side behind Folly, with a girl's face and grotesque body, extending a honeycomb with her left hand attached to her right arm, may represent Pleasure and Fraud. His Sistine Chapel ceiling provided examples for them to follow, in particular his representation of collected figures often called ignudi and of the Libyan Sibyl, his vestibule to the Laurentian Library, the figures on his Medici tombs, and above all his Last Judgment. or perhaps Pleasure?). In this view, Mannerism as exemplified in Bronzinos work can be considered as a reaction to Renaissance and its exultation of existence, showing that life is perhaps more complicated and often times possesses a darker side. This allegorical oil on wood painting was a present for the French king. Its meaning, however, remains elusive. [33] Cellini's bronze Perseus with the head of Medusa is certainly a masterpiece, designed with eight angles of view, another Mannerist characteristic, and artificially stylized in comparison with the Davids of Michelangelo and Donatello. Of particular note is the Flemish influence at Fontainebleau that combined the eroticism of the French style with an early version of the vanitas tradition that would dominate seventeenth-century Dutch and Flemish painting. The two central figures are easily identified by their attributes as Venus and Cupid. The Pastoral Concert Stylistic Analysis, Essay Example, Albrecht Drers Fall of Man (Adam and Eve), Essay Example. Bronzino, known above all as a portrait painter, painted several carefully drawn portraits of the Medici family.[3]. The earliest experimental phase of Mannerism, known for its "anti-classical" forms, lasted until about 1540 or 1550. Co., New York 1968. Instead of being set against the backdrop of Troy, El Greco situated the scene near Toledo, Spain in order to "universalize the story by drawing out its relevance for the contemporary world."[47]. 22 relations. For example, she holds the golden apple she won in the Judgement of Paris, while he sports the characteristic wings and quiver. [39], Pontormo's Joseph in Egypt, painted in 1517,[37] portrays a running narrative of four Biblical scenes in which Joseph reconnects with his family. According to Vasari he is the boy on the steps in his teacher Pontormo's 'Joseph with Jacob in Egypt', also in the National Gallery. The study is largely iconographic, presenting a pictorial evidence that many of the artists who painted or printed commedia images were in fact, coming from the workshops of the day, heavily ensconced in the maniera tradition. In essence, "bella maniera" utilized the best from a number of source materials, synthesizing it into something new.[15]. However, a few buildings, such as Auberge d'Aragon and the exterior of St. John's Co-Cathedral, still retain most of Cassar's original Mannerist design. Barnes, Ernie. Agnolo di Cosimo, usually known as Bronzino or Agnolo Bronzino, was an Italian Mannerist painter from Florence. The detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, physiognomy and the way in which humans register emotion in expression and gesture, the innovative use of the human form in figurative composition, the use of the subtle gradation of tone, all had reached near perfection. Bronzino uses many of the key concepts of the Mannerist movement, for example, in the so-called allegorical theme of the painting itself, alongside the manner in which the figures are themselves painted. The figure of Venus can be likened to a precious object (such as a marble statue) in a luxurious setting, desirable because of her unavailability. [40] A unique Mannerist characteristic of Bronzino's work was the rendering of milky complexions. [51] The joke of the painting communicates the humor of power which is that Emperor Rudolf II is hiding a dark inner self behind his public image. This . The style was heavily influenced by both the Jewish Community, as well as the African-American Community, leading to "The Beauty of the Ghetto" exhibition between 1972 - 1979. Study Mannerism flashcards. Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (also called An Allegory of Venus and Cupid and A Triumph of Venus) is an allegorical painting by the Florentine artist Agnolo Bronzino.It is now in the National Gallery, London. The attention to silky textures, jewels, and masks is consistent with Bronzino's courtly, aristocratic patronage. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. 1965. [52] Flemish artists, many of whom had traveled to Italy and were influenced by Mannerist developments there, were responsible for the spread of Mannerist trends into Europe north of the Alps, including into the realm of architecture. Through the inclusion of the four different narratives, Ponotormo creates a cluttered composition and overall sense of busyness. Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time; by Bronzino; mid-1540s; oil on panel; 1.46 x 1.16 m; National Gallery (London) Summer; by Giuseppe . In English literature, Mannerism is commonly identified with the qualities of the "Metaphysical" poets of whom the most famous is John Donne. Its intended meaning is not entirely certain. However, modern audiences believe that Socrates did not write any of his ideas down [], The New Task I am Proposing My proposal is a promotion at work. The wisdom that enables us to recognise in an undesirable old acquaintance the folly that we have already embraced.Ambrose Bierce (18421914). Thank you! Modern History. A sense of tense, controlled emotion expressed in elaborate symbolism and allegory, and an ideal of female beauty characterized by elongated proportions are features of this style. This play can be called neo-mannerist precisely insofar as it is distinguished from the (neo-)baroque: "Just as Roman Catholicism would offer you paradise and heaven, there is an equivalent commercial paradise being offered very largely by the whole capitalistic effect, which is associated with Western cinema. "High Renaissance" connoted a period distinguished by harmony, grandeur and the revival of classical antiquity. It displays the ambivalence, eroticism, and obscure imagery that are characteristic of the Mannerist period, and of Bronzino's master Pontormo. Painted against a black background is a portrait of Rudolf II, whose body is composed of various vegetables, flowers, and fruits. He went on to complete decorations for Pius IV, and help complete the fresco decorations at the Villa Farnese at Caprarola. Again, it is difficult to interpret his gesture with any certainty; it could be to prevent the figure at the far left of the picture from shielding the incestuous transgressions of Venus and the adolescent Cupid with the billowing blue fabric that provides a screen between the figures in the fore and background. Alessandro Allori's (15351607) Susanna and the Elders (below) is distinguished by latent eroticism and consciously brilliant still life detail, in a crowded, contorted composition. This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 15:47. The figure opposite Time, and also grasping at the drapery, is usually called Oblivion because of the lack of substance to his formeyeless sockets and mask-like head. [46] Over the course of his career, El Greco's work remained in high demand as he completed important commissions in locations such as the Colegio de la Encarnacin de Madrid. . Bald, bearded Time at the upper right, assisted by Truth (or is it Deceit?) Read more about Venus, Cupid, Folly And Time: In Popular Culture, Experience. Both figures are nude, illuminated in a radiant white light. Castagno demonstrates iconographic linkages between genre painting and the figures of the commedia dell'arte that demonstrate how this theatrical form was embedded within the cultural traditions of the late cinquecento.[67]. Characteristic began in Rome around 1520. New York: Prentice Hall Professional, 2004. Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (also called An Allegory of Venus and Cupid and A Triumph of Venus) is an allegorical painting by the Florentine artist Agnolo Bronzino. Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (also called An Allegory of Venus and Cupid and A Triumph of Venus) is an allegorical painting by the Florentine artist Agnolo Bronzino. Mannerism is characterized by: . It is now in the National Gallery, London. Personification 1 links Within the dark space, there are few sources of light; one source is emitted by Christ's halo and hanging torch above the table. [citation needed], In past analyses, it has been noted that mannerism arose in the early 16th century contemporaneously with a number of other social, scientific, religious and political movements such as the Copernican heliocentrism, the Sack of Rome in 1527, and the Protestant Reformation's increasing challenge to the power of the Catholic Church. It displays the ambivalence, eroticism, and obscure imagery that are characteristic of the Mannerist period, and of Bronzino's master Pontormo. Influenced, like many other artists of his generation, by Michelangelo, Bronzino is classed as a Mannerist. The Renaissance and Mannerism in Northern Europe and Spain. Black backgrounds also contributed to a creating sense of fantasy within the subject matter. For example, she holds the golden apple she won in the Judgement of Paris,[4] [5] [6] while he sports the characteristic wings and quiver. The bearded, bald figure to the upper right of the scene is believed to be Time, in view of the hourglass behind him. We are excited to announce 'Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time - Thirty Years of The Divine Comedy', the much-anticipated reissue of The Divine Comedy's back catalogue on CD, LP, digital download and limited edition 12 CD Boxset.These formats will be released on Friday 9th October and followed by a unique global livestream from the Barbican on Wednesday 14th October. Mannerism therefore tried to show a complex spectrum of emotions and puzzle the viewer. An additional element of Mannerist style is the atmospheric effects in which El Greco creates a hazy sky and blurring of landscape in the background. Northern Mannerism continued into the early 17th century. Many emotions are contrasted, as mentioned, such as incestuous lust, anger and suffering. The competitive spirit was cultivated by patrons who encouraged sponsored artists to emphasize virtuosic technique and to compete with one another for commissions. His brother Federico, born around 1540, was also a painter and architect. Crowded into a compressed foreground space of the airless setting are several figures whose identities and purpose have been the subject of extensive scholarly discussion. [37] His legacy is highly regarded, as he influenced artists such as Agnolo Bronzino and the aesthetic ideals of late Mannerism. Joachim Wtewael (15661638) continued to paint in a Northern Mannerist style until the end of his life, ignoring the arrival of the Baroque art, and making him perhaps the last significant Mannerist artist still to be working. Both figures are nude, illuminated in a radiant white light. petrus.agricola has uploaded 24663 photos to Flickr. Francis I of France, for example, was presented with Bronzino's Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time. Mannerism art was considered formulaic, theatrical and overly stylized work, characterized by a complex composition, with contrasting color and different meaning compare with the traditional art. Mannerism, which may also be known as Late Renaissance,[1][2] is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, spreading by about 1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in Italy, when the Baroque style largely replaced it. Francis I of France, for example, was presented with Bronzino's Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time. High quality Venus Cupid Folly And Time-inspired gifts and merchandise. El Greco still is a deeply original artist. Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time '''Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time''' by Nextel ringtones Agnolo Bronzino, c.1545 Abbey . This allegorical but mysterious painting depicts Venus in the center, her pose contorted to turn her alabaster-smooth torso toward the viewer. The old hag tearing her own hair has been called Envy (or Jealousy), and the creature behind the putto at the right, with a girl's face but whose body ends in the legs of a lion and a scaly serpent's tail and who extends a honeycomb with her left hand attached to her right arm, has been identified as Fraud (or is she Deceit? Derived from the Italian maniera, meaning simply "style," mannerism is sometimes defined as the "stylish style" for its emphasis on self-conscious artifice over realistic depiction.The sixteenth-century artist and critic Vasarihimself a manneristbelieved that excellence in painting demanded . Need a professionally written - Use of chiaroscuro to render forms in space as they would appear in time and space Rationale: Your writing service deserves the highest distinction for its standards of quality and excellence. John Shearman, "Maniera as an Aesthetic Ideal", in Cheney 2004, 37. The picture under analysis is "Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time" (also known as "A Triumph of Venus" and "An Allegory of Venus and Cupid") by Bronzino, an Italian painter of Mannerism. [34] Originally a goldsmith, his famous gold and enamel Salt Cellar (1543) was his first sculpture, and shows his talent at its best. The bearded, bald figure to the upper right of the scene is believed to be Time, in view of the hourglass behind him. The figure of Venus appears as a precious object in a luxurious setting, perversely seductive by virtue of her very unapproachability. The picture is likely to be that mentioned in Vasari's 'Life of Bronzino' of 1568: He made a picture of singular beauty, which was sent to King Francis in France; in which was a nude Venus with Cupid kissing her, and on one side Pleasure and Play with other Loves; and on the other, Fraud, Jealousy, and other passions of love. At the same time, what Gardner calls "lascivious" themes is demonstrated in the notion of mother and son, Venus and Cupid, appearing to have an erotic encounter. Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Autumn, 1573, oil on canvas, Louvre Museum, Paris, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Vertumnus the god of seasons, 1591, Skokloster Castle, Bronzino, Portrait of Bia de' Medici, c. 1545, Alessandro Allori, Susanna and the Elders, 1561. The two are in a constant opposition, which requires balance to maintain stability. Pontormo, Rosso Fiorentino. Between 1563 and 1565, he was active in Venice with the Grimani family of Santa Maria Formosa. The preciosity in Jacques Callot's minute engravings seem to belie a much larger scale of action. The painting displays the ambivalence, eroticism, and obscure imagery that are characteristic of the Mannerist period, and of Bronzino's master Pontormo. On closer inspection his right foot can be seen pierced by large rose thorn piecesan event that has no bearing on his expression, which seems engrossed in the pleasure of the moment. Michelangelo developed his own style at an early age, a deeply original one which was greatly admired at first, then often copied and imitated by other artists of the era. The term mannerism describes the style of the paintings and bronze sculpture on this tour. In the 20th century, the rise of Neo-Mannerism stemmed from artist Ernie Barnes. But only the putto's pose seems required by his action. Eroticism is demonstrated in the Venus and Cupid relationship, while suffering is demonstrated in the old woman clutching her head. [17] The label "Mannerism" was used during the 16th century to comment on social behaviour and to convey a refined virtuoso quality or to signify a certain technique. Callot's Balli di Sfessania (literally, dance of the buttocks) celebrates the commedia's blatant eroticism, with protruding phalli, spears posed with the anticipation of a comic ream, and grossly exaggerated masks that mix the bestial with human. [5] Notable for its artificial (as opposed to naturalistic) qualities,[6] this artistic style privileges compositional tension and instability rather than the balance and clarity of earlier Renaissance painting. Like the English word "style", maniera can either indicate a specific type of style (a beautiful style, an abrasive style) or indicate an absolute that needs no qualification (someone "has style"). The final scene, on the right, is the final stage of Jacob's death as his sons watch nearby.[37]. Mannerism, a reaction against the idealist perfection of Classicism, employed distortion of light and spatial frameworks in order to emphasize the emotional content of a painting and the emotions of the painter. [58] Defining Mannerism in this context, architect and author Robert Venturi wrote "Mannerism for architecture of our time that acknowledges conventional order rather than original expression but breaks the conventional order to accommodate complexity and contradiction and thereby engages ambiguity unambiguously."[58]. In conclusion, Bronzinos work Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time is an allegoric portrait of unchaste love. Furthermore, Time appears angered, adding another emotional dimension to the work. The painting was brought by Napoleon from Paris to Vienna, where in 1813, Johann Keglevi gained possession of the painting from Franz Wenzel, Graf von Kaunitz-Rietberg. Scholars do not know for certain what the painting depicts. [45] An important element is his attention to color as he regarded it to be one of the most important aspects of his painting. SDE lifts the lid on a 'flawless' box set. Like other works of his and other Mannerists, it removes far more of the original block than Michelangelo would have done. At the lower left are Venus' doves. There is also Folly, to the right of Venus and Cupid. Therefore, this style is often identified as "anti-classical",[25] yet at the time it was considered a natural progression from the High Renaissance. It was absolutely perfect. Cupid fondles his mother's bare breast and kisses her lips. In this large unusually cold composition, which is deliberately constructed on a counterpoint of opposing movements, is the finest work concentrated in the treatment of the faces. Mannerism was an anti-classical movement which differed greatly from the aesthetic ideologies of the Renaissance. Hand-picked art wallpapers, free paintings to download and more from USEUMs best in your mailbox every couple of weeks. This is at times prevalent when there is special attention paid to ornate detailing. Many emotions are contrasted, as mentioned, such as incestuous lust, anger and suffering. The two central figures are recognisable as Venus and Cupid. The identity of the other figures, and the meaning of the picture remain uncertain. Last Judgment Rome. As in painting, early Italian Mannerist sculpture was very largely an attempt to find an original style that would top the achievement of the High Renaissance, which in sculpture essentially meant Michelangelo, and much of the struggle to achieve this was played out in commissions to fill other places in the Piazza della Signoria in Florence, next to Michelangelo's David. Prevalent at this time was the pittore vago, a description of painters from the north who entered the workshops in France and Italy to create a truly international style. It was a tiny color print of Bronzino's Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time. The painting had been ordered by Cosimo de' Medici, the Duke of Florence, and given by him as a diplomatic gift to King Francis I of France. As Woldemar Janson and Janson note, Mannerism style itself came to be regarded by many as decadent (625), which shows that it challenged the dominant social and political world-views of the period. 194647. The style waned in Italy after 1580, as a new generation of artists, including the Carracci brothers, Caravaggio and Cigoli, revived naturalism. The painting had been ordered by Cosimo de' Medici, the Duke of Florence, and given by him as a diplomatic gift to King Francis I of France. Mannerism in literature and music is notable for its highly florid style and intellectual sophistication. The artwork was created about 1546 when Beonzino got a commission from Cosimo de Medici. . [60], One of the best examples of Mannerist architecture: Palazzo Te in Mantova, designed by Giulio Romano, Baldassare Peruzzi, Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne in Rome, Michelangelo, vestibule of Laurentian Library, St. John's Co-Cathedral in Valletta, Malta, Cathedral Basilica of Salvador, Brazil, built between 1657 and 1746, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[61]. Mannerism and the Later 16th Century in Italy Sandrine Le Bail AP Art History . Certainly, Bronzino does borrow from High Renaissance, as do other Mannerist painters. His Trattato dell'arte della pittura, scoltura et architettura (Milan, 1584) is in part a guide to contemporary concepts of decorum, which the Renaissance inherited in part from Antiquity but Mannerism elaborated upon. Vasari wrote that a Bronzino painting, probably this one, was sent to King Francis, though he does not specify by whom: "He made a picture of singular beauty, which was sent to King Francis in France; in which was a nude Venus with Cupid kissing her, and on one side Pleasure and Play with other Loves; and on the other, Fraud, Jealousy, and other passions of love" (so not mentioning Time).[1]. Dense with ornament of "Roman" detailing, the display doorway at Colditz Castle exemplifies the northern style, characteristically applied as an isolated "set piece" against unpretentious vernacular walling. [1] For example, she holds the golden apple she won in the Judgement of Paris,[4] while he sports the characteristic wings and quiver. The painting may have been commissioned by Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany or by Francesco Salviati, to be presented by him as a gift to Francis I of France. 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